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Best Schools for Chemistry in 2026

205 schools ranked by DegreeWorth Score · Updated 2026

These are the top schools offering Chemistry, ranked by DegreeWorth Score. The score combines graduate earnings, AI automation resilience, job market demand, and return on tuition investment. The average Chemistry graduate earns $41,257/yr across 205 schools.

Programs Ranked

205

Avg Earnings

$41,257/yr

Avg DW Score

66/100

AI Risk

High

49% task exposure

All Chemistry Programs Ranked

Click any row for full AI scenario analysis, earnings projections, and career path breakdown.

#	Program	DW Score	Earnings	AI Risk	ROI
1	Chemistry California State University-Long Beach · Long Beach, CA	79 72–81	$50,553/yr	High	27.7x
2	Chemistry San Francisco State University · San Francisco, CA	76 68–79	$44,140/yr	High	30.9x
3	Chemistry Bridgewater State University · Bridgewater, MA	77 70–79	$55,376/yr	High	17.2x
4	Chemistry East Carolina University · Greenville, NC	77 71–79	$47,875/yr	High	21.8x
5	Chemistry University of Houston · Houston, TX	77 70–78	$50,717/yr	High	18.2x
6	Chemistry Weber State University · Ogden, UT	79 73–79	$50,350/yr	High	18.7x
7	Chemistry Western Washington University · Bellingham, WA	76 69–79	$48,527/yr	High	19.9x
8	Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Whitewater · Whitewater, WI	77 70–79	$48,903/yr	High	20.3x
9	Chemistry Towson University · Towson, MD	76 69–78	$52,765/yr	High	16.5x
10	Chemistry Ohio University-Eastern Campus · Saint Clairsville, OH	76 69–78	$43,349/yr	High	28.0x
11	Chemistry Ohio University-Chillicothe Campus · Chillicothe, OH	76 69–78	$43,349/yr	High	28.0x
12	Chemistry Ohio University-Southern Campus · Ironton, OH	76 69–78	$43,349/yr	High	28.0x
13	Chemistry Ohio University-Lancaster Campus · Lancaster, OH	76 69–78	$43,349/yr	High	28.0x
14	Chemistry Ohio University-Zanesville Campus · Zanesville, OH	76 69–78	$43,349/yr	High	28.0x
15	Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Platteville · Platteville, WI	77 71–77	$49,386/yr	High	18.1x
16	Chemistry California State Polytechnic University-Pomona · Pomona, CA	74 67–76	$43,294/yr	High	21.1x
17	Chemistry California State University-Sacramento · Sacramento, CA	74 67–77	$42,581/yr	High	22.8x
18	Chemistry Fort Hays State University · Hays, KS	76 70–75	$44,261/yr	High	19.6x
19	Chemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington · Wilmington, NC	75 69–76	$44,473/yr	High	19.9x
20	Chemistry Rhode Island College · Providence, RI	74 64–78	$44,648/yr	High	20.4x
21	Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire · Eau Claire, WI	76 70–76	$50,659/yr	High	15.2x
22	Chemistry University of North Alabama · Florence, AL	74 66–76	$49,497/yr	High	14.9x
23	Chemistry California State University-Stanislaus · Turlock, CA	73 64–76	$39,771/yr	High	27.1x
24	Chemistry San Diego State University · San Diego, CA	74 67–76	$43,603/yr	High	19.2x
25	Chemistry Florida State University · Tallahassee, FL	74 67–76	$40,629/yr	High	27.2x
26	Chemistry University at Albany · Albany, NY	74 67–75	$48,276/yr	High	15.3x
27	Chemistry State University of New York at Oswego · Oswego, NY	77 72–77	$52,645/yr	High	14.0x
28	Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison · Madison, WI	74 67–76	$48,886/yr	High	15.5x
29	Chemistry California State University-San Marcos · San Marcos, CA	77 71–76	$49,382/yr	High	15.0x
30	Chemistry California State University-San Bernardino · San Bernardino, CA	72 65–75	$40,402/yr	High	20.6x
31	Chemistry University of Maryland-College Park · College Park, MD	73 64–76	$46,140/yr	High	16.0x
32	Chemistry California State University-Channel Islands · Camarillo, CA	76 70–76	$46,131/yr	High	15.9x
33	Chemistry Augusta University · Augusta, GA	76 70–75	$48,382/yr	High	13.9x
34	Chemistry Kennesaw State University · Kennesaw, GA	73 66–75	$38,790/yr	High	28.5x
35	Chemistry California State University-Fullerton · Fullerton, CA	75 69–74	$45,076/yr	High	14.9x
36	Chemistry California State University-Los Angeles · Los Angeles, CA	75 69–75	$44,944/yr	High	15.5x
37	Chemistry California State University-Northridge · Northridge, CA	75 69–74	$44,874/yr	High	14.8x
38	Chemistry University of Central Florida · Orlando, FL	75 69–74	$43,634/yr	High	16.1x
39	Chemistry Wichita State University · Wichita, KS	72 65–73	$43,740/yr	High	15.6x
40	Chemistry Appalachian State University · Boone, NC	72 65–74	$40,488/yr	High	19.4x
41	Chemistry Millersville University of Pennsylvania · Millersville, PA	73 66–73	$50,524/yr	High	12.5x
42	Chemistry Texas A & M University-College Station · College Station, TX	72 65–73	$49,462/yr	High	12.8x
43	Chemistry Purdue University-Main Campus · West Lafayette, IN	73 67–73	$47,213/yr	High	14.0x
44	Chemistry University of California-Berkeley · Berkeley, CA	73 68–71	$59,576/yr	High	10.0x
45	Chemistry University of Delaware · Newark, DE	71 64–72	$54,055/yr	High	11.0x
46	Chemistry Missouri State University-Springfield · Springfield, MO	71 63–73	$41,166/yr	High	16.5x
47	Chemistry Rowan University · Glassboro, NJ	71 65–72	$53,607/yr	High	11.1x
48	Chemistry University of North Carolina at Pembroke · Pembroke, NC	71 65–73	$35,579/yr	High	33.1x
49	Chemistry Sam Houston State University · Huntsville, TX	72 66–72	$43,940/yr	High	14.3x
50	Chemistry University of Utah · Salt Lake City, UT	71 63–73	$41,275/yr	High	16.9x
51	Chemistry University of California-San Diego · La Jolla, CA	68 59–73	$45,310/yr	High	12.6x
52	Chemistry University of California-Santa Barbara · Santa Barbara, CA	69 61–73	$47,197/yr	High	12.3x
53	Chemistry Colorado State University-Fort Collins · Fort Collins, CO	69 59–73	$42,660/yr	High	14.5x
54	Chemistry Georgia Southern University · Statesboro, GA	70 62–72	$34,977/yr	High	26.9x
55	Chemistry Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville · Edwardsville, IL	70 63–72	$46,659/yr	High	12.2x
56	Chemistry Ball State University · Muncie, IN	70 62–72	$42,677/yr	High	14.2x
57	Chemistry University of Iowa · Iowa City, IA	70 64–71	$44,847/yr	High	13.1x
58	Chemistry Murray State University · Murray, KY	73 68–72	$48,334/yr	High	11.4x
59	Chemistry North Carolina State University at Raleigh · Raleigh, NC	74 68–73	$47,071/yr	High	12.2x
60	Chemistry Cleveland State University · Cleveland, OH	71 64–71	$48,147/yr	High	11.9x
61	Chemistry Austin Peay State University · Clarksville, TN	71 65–71	$42,475/yr	High	14.7x
62	Chemistry University of Houston-Downtown · Houston, TX	70 63–71	$38,954/yr	High	16.8x
63	Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio · San Antonio, TX	70 63–72	$40,700/yr	High	15.6x
64	Chemistry University of Washington-Seattle Campus · Seattle, WA	70 63–72	$46,369/yr	High	12.6x
65	Chemistry West Virginia University Institute of Technology · Beckley, WV	69 60–73	$36,891/yr	High	21.1x
66	Chemistry University of Washington-Bothell Campus · Bothell, WA	70 63–72	$46,369/yr	High	12.7x
67	Chemistry University of Northern Colorado · Greeley, CO	69 63–70	$45,406/yr	High	11.9x
68	Chemistry Florida Atlantic University · Boca Raton, FL	70 63–71	$35,015/yr	High	23.2x
69	Chemistry Indiana University-Bloomington · Bloomington, IN	69 61–72	$42,889/yr	High	13.5x
70	Chemistry Salisbury University · Salisbury, MD	73 68–72	$50,169/yr	High	10.8x
71	Chemistry University of Minnesota-Duluth · Duluth, MN	68 60–71	$44,674/yr	High	11.9x
72	Chemistry CUNY Brooklyn College · Brooklyn, NY	68 58–72	$34,239/yr	High	26.8x
73	Chemistry University of North Carolina Asheville · Asheville, NC	68 61–70	$36,891/yr	High	17.5x
74	Chemistry University of North Carolina at Charlotte · Charlotte, NC	68 60–72	$35,482/yr	High	21.6x
75	Chemistry University of Cincinnati-Main Campus · Cincinnati, OH	69 63–71	$47,387/yr	High	11.5x
76	Chemistry Ohio State University-Main Campus · Columbus, OH	68 59–72	$42,698/yr	High	13.3x
77	Chemistry The University of Tennessee-Chattanooga · Chattanooga, TN	69 62–71	$41,588/yr	High	14.2x
78	Chemistry The University of Texas at Austin · Austin, TX	69 62–71	$43,383/yr	High	13.3x
79	Chemistry West Virginia University · Morgantown, WV	67 58–71	$36,891/yr	High	17.4x
80	Chemistry University of California-Merced · Merced, CA	70 64–70	$50,944/yr	High	10.3x
81	Chemistry University of Arizona · Tucson, AZ	67 59–71	$43,013/yr	High	12.6x
82	Chemistry University of California-Davis · Davis, CA	66 57–71	$42,204/yr	High	12.4x
83	Chemistry University of California-Irvine · Irvine, CA	67 59–70	$43,766/yr	High	11.6x
84	Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Champaign, IL	68 60–70	$47,034/yr	High	10.8x
85	Chemistry Indiana University-Indianapolis · Indianapolis, IN	69 62–70	$42,482/yr	High	12.9x
86	Chemistry Eastern Kentucky University · Richmond, KY	66 54–71	$34,512/yr	High	19.4x
87	Chemistry Montclair State University · Montclair, NJ	71 66–70	$55,389/yr	High	8.4x
88	Chemistry Binghamton University · Vestal, NY	66 54–71	$35,115/yr	High	19.2x
89	Chemistry Kent State University at Kent · Kent, OH	66 57–71	$39,790/yr	High	13.9x
90	Chemistry Ohio University-Main Campus · Athens, OH	67 59–70	$43,349/yr	High	12.0x
91	Chemistry Portland State University · Portland, OR	65 53–71	$35,395/yr	High	17.9x
92	Chemistry University of Memphis · Memphis, TN	67 57–71	$36,881/yr	High	17.1x
93	Chemistry George Mason University · Fairfax, VA	70 64–69	$50,304/yr	High	10.0x
94	Chemistry University of Wyoming · Laramie, WY	71 66–70	$40,280/yr	High	13.5x
95	Chemistry University of Connecticut-Waterbury Campus · Waterbury, CT	68 62–70	$52,216/yr	High	9.3x
96	Chemistry University of Connecticut-Avery Point · Groton, CT	68 62–70	$52,216/yr	High	9.3x
97	Chemistry University of Connecticut-Stamford · Stamford, CT	68 62–70	$52,216/yr	High	9.3x
98	Chemistry Oregon State University-Cascades Campus · Bend, OR	67 59–71	$41,779/yr	High	13.0x
99	Chemistry University of Connecticut-Hartford Campus · Hartford, CT	68 62–70	$52,216/yr	High	9.3x
100	Chemistry University of California-Los Angeles · Los Angeles, CA	66 58–69	$42,358/yr	High	11.6x
101	Chemistry University of North Florida · Jacksonville, FL	67 57–70	$31,663/yr	High	26.1x
102	Chemistry Georgia State University · Atlanta, GA	65 56–70	$33,836/yr	High	18.7x
103	Chemistry Northern Illinois University · Dekalb, IL	67 60–68	$43,061/yr	High	11.3x
104	Chemistry Salem State University · Salem, MA	71 66–70	$49,439/yr	High	9.3x
105	Chemistry University of Minnesota-Twin Cities · Minneapolis, MN	67 60–69	$47,451/yr	High	9.7x
106	Chemistry University of Missouri-Kansas City · Kansas City, MO	66 57–70	$39,725/yr	High	13.4x
107	Chemistry Rutgers University-Newark · Newark, NJ	66 58–69	$44,949/yr	High	10.5x
108	Chemistry Oregon State University · Corvallis, OR	66 58–70	$41,779/yr	High	12.1x
109	Chemistry University of Pittsburgh-Bradford · Bradford, PA	66 58–69	$43,571/yr	High	11.2x
110	Chemistry University of Pittsburgh-Greensburg · Greensburg, PA	66 58–69	$43,571/yr	High	11.2x
111	Chemistry University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown · Johnstown, PA	66 58–69	$43,571/yr	High	11.2x
112	Chemistry Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University · Blacksburg, VA	67 59–69	$45,513/yr	High	10.4x
113	Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee · Milwaukee, WI	66 57–69	$36,771/yr	High	14.9x
114	Chemistry Northern Arizona University · Flagstaff, AZ	66 58–69	$40,845/yr	High	12.1x
115	Chemistry University of Connecticut · Storrs, CT	66 60–68	$52,216/yr	High	7.9x
116	Chemistry Rutgers University-Camden · Camden, NJ	65 58–69	$44,949/yr	High	10.1x
117	Chemistry Rutgers University-New Brunswick · New Brunswick, NJ	65 58–69	$44,949/yr	High	10.0x
118	Chemistry University of South Carolina-Columbia · Columbia, SC	65 56–69	$39,018/yr	High	12.8x
119	Chemistry University of Alabama at Birmingham · Birmingham, AL	64 55–68	$33,931/yr	High	15.8x
120	Chemistry University of Arkansas · Fayetteville, AR	64 55–68	$34,872/yr	High	15.1x
121	Chemistry Florida International University · Miami, FL	64 53–68	$28,660/yr	High	25.9x
122	Chemistry University of South Florida · Tampa, FL	64 55–67	$29,399/yr	High	21.9x
123	Chemistry Iowa State University · Ames, IA	69 64–67	$43,870/yr	High	9.4x
124	Chemistry Grand Valley State University · Allendale, MI	66 61–66	$46,496/yr	High	8.9x
125	Chemistry CUNY Hunter College · New York, NY	63 53–68	$29,340/yr	High	22.1x
126	Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · Chapel Hill, NC	64 53–68	$32,516/yr	High	17.7x
127	Chemistry Bowling Green State University-Main Campus · Bowling Green, OH	65 59–67	$43,840/yr	High	9.8x
128	Chemistry University of North Texas · Denton, TX	64 57–67	$38,006/yr	High	12.2x
129	Chemistry Marshall University · Huntington, WV	64 53–68	$32,143/yr	High	18.3x
130	Chemistry Louisiana Tech University · Ruston, LA	68 63–67	$42,572/yr	High	9.5x
131	Chemistry University of Louisiana at Lafayette · Lafayette, LA	67 63–66	$42,715/yr	High	9.3x
132	Chemistry Eastern Michigan University · Ypsilanti, MI	65 59–66	$45,060/yr	High	8.7x
133	Chemistry Western Carolina University · Cullowhee, NC	64 56–67	$26,513/yr	High	31.4x
134	Chemistry University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus · Norman, OK	62 51–67	$31,419/yr	High	17.0x
135	Chemistry The University of Tennessee-Knoxville · Knoxville, TN	64 58–65	$41,589/yr	High	9.9x
136	Chemistry The University of Texas at Dallas · Richardson, TX	67 63–67	$48,783/yr	High	7.4x
137	Chemistry Arizona State University Campus Immersion · Tempe, AZ	63 56–64	$38,766/yr	High	10.5x
138	Chemistry University of California-Santa Cruz · Santa Cruz, CA	62 55–66	$39,700/yr	High	10.4x
139	Chemistry Metropolitan State University of Denver · Denver, CO	62 53–66	$34,417/yr	High	13.5x
140	Chemistry University of Florida · Gainesville, FL	62 50–66	$25,418/yr	High	23.6x
141	Chemistry Northeastern University · Boston, MA	63 56–65	$62,511/yr	High	2.8x
142	Chemistry University of Missouri-Columbia · Columbia, MO	65 60–65	$45,279/yr	High	7.0x
143	Chemistry University of Nevada-Reno · Reno, NV	67 62–65	$39,614/yr	High	10.0x
144	Chemistry University of Akron Main Campus · Akron, OH	66 62–66	$44,970/yr	High	7.8x
145	Chemistry College of Charleston · Charleston, SC	63 56–65	$39,208/yr	High	10.2x
146	Chemistry Texas State University · San Marcos, TX	66 61–65	$42,897/yr	High	8.4x
147	Chemistry James Madison University · Harrisonburg, VA	66 61–66	$45,799/yr	High	7.4x
148	Chemistry University of Idaho · Moscow, ID	66 61–65	$38,664/yr	High	10.0x
149	Chemistry University of Maryland-Baltimore County · Baltimore, MD	66 61–65	$44,215/yr	High	7.5x
150	Chemistry University at Buffalo · Buffalo, NY	61 54–64	$35,284/yr	High	11.8x
151	Chemistry University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus · Pittsburgh, PA	61 54–64	$43,571/yr	High	7.3x
152	Chemistry University of California-Riverside · Riverside, CA	61 55–63	$39,676/yr	High	8.9x
153	Chemistry University of Louisville · Louisville, KY	63 59–63	$41,842/yr	High	7.2x
154	Chemistry Northwest Missouri State University · Maryville, MO	64 60–63	$39,478/yr	High	8.7x
155	Chemistry Stony Brook University · Stony Brook, NY	59 50–64	$31,685/yr	High	13.5x
156	Chemistry Temple University · Philadelphia, PA	60 53–63	$42,022/yr	High	7.2x
157	Chemistry Texas Tech University · Lubbock, TX	58 48–65	$31,573/yr	High	13.4x
158	Chemistry Southern Connecticut State University · New Haven, CT	62 58–62	$40,767/yr	High	6.9x
159	Chemistry Michigan State University · East Lansing, MI	60 54–62	$39,531/yr	High	8.0x
160	Chemistry Christopher Newport University · Newport News, VA	60 53–62	$39,245/yr	High	8.4x
161	Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University · Richmond, VA	60 52–62	$38,571/yr	High	8.6x
162	Chemistry University of Puerto Rico-Humacao · Humacao, PR	59 50–63	$22,743/yr	High	18.9x
163	Chemistry California State University-Fresno · Fresno, CA	56 43–63	$18,896/yr	High	17.1x
164	Chemistry Wayne State University · Detroit, MI	58 51–62	$35,813/yr	High	9.5x
165	Chemistry Drexel University · Philadelphia, PA	58 51–61	$49,215/yr	High	2.6x
166	Chemistry Radford University · Radford, VA	61 57–61	$39,090/yr	High	7.0x
167	Chemistry University of Central Arkansas · Conway, AR	62 57–61	$36,946/yr	High	8.1x
168	Chemistry California State Polytechnic University-Humboldt · Arcata, CA	62 57–61	$33,972/yr	High	9.7x
169	Chemistry University of Georgia · Athens, GA	57 49–61	$31,893/yr	High	11.1x
170	Chemistry Western Illinois University · Macomb, IL	56 47–63	$31,980/yr	High	11.0x
171	Chemistry College of the Holy Cross · Worcester, MA	57 50–60	$47,313/yr	High	2.5x
172	Chemistry Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania · Slippery Rock, PA	61 56–60	$36,597/yr	High	7.7x
173	Chemistry The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley · Edinburg, TX	55 42–63	$22,913/yr	High	15.0x
174	Chemistry University of Indianapolis · Indianapolis, IN	56 49–59	$40,612/yr	High	3.7x
175	Chemistry Hamline University · Saint Paul, MN	59 53–59	$50,007/yr	High	1.6x
176	Chemistry University of Mississippi · University, MS	60 56–60	$35,132/yr	High	8.3x
177	Chemistry Fort Lewis College · Durango, CO	59 54–58	$34,159/yr	High	7.8x
178	Chemistry Brandeis University · Waltham, MA	56 49–57	$46,641/yr	High	1.7x
179	Chemistry Monmouth University · West Long Branch, NJ	56 49–58	$43,512/yr	High	2.7x
180	Chemistry CUNY Lehman College · Bronx, NY	60 55–59	$31,815/yr	High	9.7x
181	Chemistry William & Mary · Williamsburg, VA	54 46–59	$35,130/yr	High	7.0x
182	Chemistry Carthage College · Kenosha, WI	58 52–58	$45,188/yr	High	2.1x
183	Chemistry Arizona State University Digital Immersion · Scottsdale, AZ	56 50–58	$38,766/yr	High	—
184	Chemistry St Olaf College · Northfield, MN	55 48–56	$44,020/yr	High	1.9x
185	Chemistry Kalamazoo College · Kalamazoo, MI	53 45–56	$39,940/yr	High	2.5x
186	Chemistry Pacific Lutheran University · Tacoma, WA	55 49–56	$44,555/yr	High	1.2x
187	Chemistry Valparaiso University · Valparaiso, IN	52 44–55	$37,526/yr	High	2.8x
188	Chemistry University of New Mexico-Main Campus · Albuquerque, NM	57 52–56	$30,122/yr	High	8.3x
189	Chemistry Williams College · Williamstown, MA	52 45–54	$40,840/yr	High	1.7x
190	Chemistry University of Virginia-Main Campus · Charlottesville, VA	51 43–56	$30,599/yr	High	7.2x
191	Chemistry New York University · New York, NY	50 43–54	$37,249/yr	High	2.3x
192	Chemistry Saint Joseph's University · Philadelphia, PA	51 46–52	$39,914/yr	High	0.9x
193	Chemistry Boston University · Boston, MA	50 44–51	$39,157/yr	High	0.5x
194	Chemistry Southern Methodist University · Dallas, TX	50 44–51	$38,919/yr	High	0.5x
195	Chemistry University of Arkansas-Fort Smith · Fort Smith, AR	51 46–50	$22,255/yr	High	7.1x
196	Chemistry La Roche University · Pittsburgh, PA	49 44–50	$34,906/yr	High	1.6x
197	Chemistry University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez · Mayaguez, PR	49 45–49	$16,465/yr	High	6.8x
198	Chemistry Emory University · Atlanta, GA	45 38–48	$32,130/yr	High	1.7x
199	Chemistry John Carroll University · University Heights, OH	45 37–49	$30,087/yr	High	2.4x
200	Chemistry University of Richmond · University of Richmond, VA	39 33–41	$22,881/yr	High	-0.1x
201	Chemistry Whitworth University · Spokane, WA	45 40–47	$33,203/yr	High	0.6x
202	Chemistry Hope College · Holland, MI	42 33–48	$21,199/yr	High	3.2x
203	Chemistry Cornell University · Ithaca, NY	42 35–45	$28,372/yr	High	1.3x
204	Chemistry Duke University · Durham, NC	42 36–44	$29,748/yr	High	0.1x
205	Chemistry Mercer University · Macon, GA	40 35–42	$25,151/yr	High	0.5x

Methodology

Programs are ranked by DegreeWorth Score, which combines four equally weighted factors: graduate earnings (Year 1 after graduation), AI automation resilience (based on OpenAI and academic research), job market size (BLS annual openings), and earnings-to-tuition multiple (10-year projected earnings vs. 4-year tuition).

Earnings data comes from the U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard, which reports actual median earnings of graduates — not self-reported surveys.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best school for Chemistry?

Based on our DegreeWorth Score, California State University-Long Beach ranks #1 for Chemistry with a score of 79/100 and graduate earnings of $50,553/yr.

How much do Chemistry graduates earn?

Across 205 schools, Chemistry graduates earn an average of $41,257/yr in their first year. The highest-earning program reports $62,511/yr.

Is Chemistry a good major for AI resistance?

Chemistry has an average AI task exposure of 49%, rated "High". This field has moderate AI exposure — some career paths are more resilient than others.

Data: U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard (earnings, debt), Bureau of Labor Statistics 2024–2034 (employment projections), OpenAI GPTs-are-GPTs research (AI task exposure), Felten et al. AIOE. Last updated 2025.